Visionary French accountancy leader, Mr. René Ricol, was today awarded the international accountancy professions’ highest honor, the IFAC Global Leadership Award in Honor of Robert Sempier.

“René Ricol has served the global accountancy profession with distinction,” said IFAC’s immediate past President Rachel Grimes. “During his term as IFAC President, he was a passionate advocate for standard-setting in the public interest, initiating, with international regulators and standard setters, enhancements that led to the current arrangements for setting international audit and ethics standards and helping to create the shared public-private model we recognize and still strongly support today.”

Mr. Ricol is a Chartered accountant, financial expert, and former expert of the court of last resort (Cour de Cassation). He was recognized as Grand Officer of the National Order of Merit and Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor in July 2011. He also received the Grand Cross Medal of the National Order of Merit in 2014.

He joined IFAC’s Board in October 1997 and served as the IFAC President from November 2002 to November 2004. From 1994 to 1998, he was President of the Ordre des Experts Comptables and was President of the Compagnie Nationale des Commissaires aux Comptes from 1985 to 1989.

Since 1991, he has served as President of the Observatoire National des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises. He is one of the founders and primary movers of the “Tous Pour l’Emploi” movement, set up with the help of professional associations and organizations to help businesses create jobs.

In August 2005, the Prime Minister entrusted him with the mission to restructure the l'Agence Pour la Création d’Entreprises (APCE), where he led the adoption of a strategic plan and implementation of a new governance structure.

Mr. Ricol was also Chairman of “France Investissement” (France Investment) set up by the government in partnership with private investors to accelerate the development of capital investment in France and increase available funds for small and medium sized companies.

In 2008, he led the development of a report about the financial crisis for President Nicolas Sarkozy who subsequently said in an interview that all the decisions made by the G4, G5, G20 were proposed in this report. René Ricol was subsequently appointed as National Credit Mediator to support and help businesses facing financial issues.

As General Commissioner for Public Investment from 2010 until 2012, he was in charge of the management of 35 billion euro of investments for the development of a future-oriented French economy.

He initiated what would become the pact of responsibility and solidarity announced by François Hollande in December 2013.

In September 2014, René Ricol was entrusted by the French President François Hollande with a mission related to retirement savings’ mobilization to support French economy. 

About the IFAC Global Leadership Award
Established in 2017 by the IFAC Board, the IFAC Global Leadership Award in Honor of Robert Sempier recognizes individuals who make outstanding contributions to the global accountancy profession. The award honors the contributions of Robert Sempier, IFAC’s first executive director and replaces two past IFAC Awards—the Robert Sempier Award (established in 1991) and the IFAC International Gold Service (IGS) Award (established in 2010).

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

Today IFAC (the International Federation of Accountants), the voice of the global accountancy profession, announced the election of Dr. In-Ki Joo of the Republic of Korea as its President. Dr. Joo will serve a two-year term through November 2020, serving previously as IFAC Deputy President since November 2016.

A leading academic voice in accountancy, Dr. Joo is a Professor, Emeritus, of Accounting at the Yonsei University School of Business. He previously served as the Dean of the University College and the Dean of Academic Affairs at Yonsei University.

Dr. Joo’s commitment to serving and representing the profession is evident in his varied and deep leadership roles, including on the Board of LG Electronics and for the Korean Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Throughout his career, Dr. Joo has additionally served in top leadership positions at the Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants, the Korean Accounting Association, the Korean Academic Society of Business Administration, and the Korean Academy of Business Ethics.

“I believe strongly in the potential of the profession to support the growth and stability of organizations, financial markets, and global economic progress,” said Dr. Joo. “I am honored and energized to lead IFAC during this time of great change and opportunity for our profession. In particular, I look forward to focusing on a future ready profession which harnesses the strength of its education platforms and commitment to ethics.”

IFAC also announced the election of Alan Johnson as Deputy President. Mr. Johnson’s more than three decades in the public and private sector of the profession includes a recent appointment as Non-executive Director and Chair of the Audit and Risk Committee at the Department for International Development (DFID) in the UK.

Previously, Mr. Johnson was CFO of Unilever’s global foods business, responsible for leading the finance functions in over 80 countries. He has also led Unilever’s global internal audit function and has worked in seven countries across Europe, Africa, and Latin America.

Mr. Johnson is a former Director of Jerónimo Martins SGPS, S.A., an $18 billion food retailer with operations in Portugal, Poland, and Colombia.

New Board Members Elected
The IFAC Council elected six new members to the IFAC Board, spanning four continents:

• Sheila Fraser of Canada, nominated by Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada (CPA Canada)
• Margrét Pétursdóttir of Iceland, nominated by Nordic Federation of Public Accountants (NRF)
• Christine Ramon of South Africa, nominated by South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA)
• Jianhua Tang of China, nominated by Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA)
• Ayse Ariak Tunaboylu of Turkey, nominated by Expert Accountants' Association of Turkey (EAAT)/ Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants of Turkey (TURMOB)
• Lisa Padmore of Barbados, nominated by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Barbados (ICAB)

IFAC Admits New Member Organization
IFAC is pleased to admit the Association of Accountants of the Republic of Latvia (AARL) as a new member organization, sponsored by the Latvian Association of Certified Auditors.

Established in 1994 with the objective to certify and improve the professional skills of accountants, the AARL has shown great progress since admission as an IFAC Associate in 2013, particularly in the area of international standards adoption.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of more than 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

The global search for an exceptional leader to Chair the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) will be restarted by the Interim Nominating Committee.  Mr. Martin Baumann, who had been appointed to become Chair of the IAASB on January 1, 2019, has decided not to assume the post for personal reasons.

“I am disappointed that unforeseen personal circumstances will prevent me from taking on this important role,” said Martin Baumann. “I remain impressed with the public interest work that the IAASB has already achieved and continue to see remarkable opportunities for the future.”

The Interim Nominating Committee, which was formed by the Monitoring Group in February 2018 to conduct the process for the next IAASB Chair, will again follow an open, timely and transparent process to select the most suitable candidate to chair the IAASB for a 2019-2021 term.

Prof. Arnold Schilder, whose term as IAASB Chairman is scheduled to conclude at end of 2018, has agreed to stay on through early 2019, as necessary, to ensure a smooth transition to a new Chair.

"While we are disappointed that Mr. Baumann cannot take on the important role to lead the IAASB during this crucial period, we wish him our best in the future,” said Gerben Everts, Chair of the Monitoring Group. “We are pleased that Prof. Schilder has agreed to extend his service until a new Chair is found, and have asked the Interim Nominating Committee to restart this important search.”

“This is a crucial inflection point for high-quality International audit standard setting,” said Rachel Grimes, IFAC President. “It is disappointing that Marty is unable to assume the position, but we are confident that the Interim Nominating Committee will find a similarly well-suited, high-caliber candidate to lead the IAASB into the future.”

For more information about the work of the IAASB, visit www.iaasb.org.

About the IAASB
The IAASB develops auditing and assurance standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard-setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IAASB, and the IAASB Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the standards and guidance. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IAASB are facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). For copyright, trademark, and permissions information, please go to permissions or contact permissions@ifac.org.

The IAASB recently published its first update to stakeholders highlighting the IAASB’s efforts to appropriately reflect professional skepticism in its standards. The Professional Skepticism Communiqué also includes other relevant news and information and recent activities of the IESBA and IAESB related to professional skepticism.

Accountants working in small- and medium-sized practices (SMPs) are embracing technology to better serve clients and attract and retain top talent, according to 2018 IFAC Global SMP Survey results released today. IFAC (International Federation of Accountants) received more than 6,000 responses from SMPs, representing 150 countries, about their performance in 2018 and marketplace factors most likely to affect them in the future.

The survey found over a quarter of SMPs (28%) plan to allocate more than 10% of practice revenue over the next year to technology investment, reflecting its critical importance in practice management and operations. The most frequent responses to technological advances have been the development of in-house expertise in IT and the adoption and use of cloud options to better serve clients.

“As the first-choice strategic adviser to their clients, firms are recognizing the importance of adopting technology to provide insights and expertise and strengthen their role as trusted business partners,” said IFAC CEO Fayez Choudhury. “It is well-known that the majority of SMPs’ revenue is generated by traditional compliance services, but there has been an increase and diversification in the provision of advisory and consulting services that are real-time, forward-looking and based on specialized industry or sector knowledge, which is a trend we expect to continue in the future.”

Tech-enabled Service Offerings

As transactional activities become increasingly automated, firms are also leveraging technology to provide business insights from data analytics as a new service offering. A significant majority (86%) provide business advisory and consulting services, with a majority (51%) predicting a moderate or substantial fee revenue growth over the next 12 months in this service line.

Talent in the Digital Economy

Talent remains a top challenge for SMPs. The majority (54%) have difficulty attracting next generation talent, with 66% stating the number one reason is the lack of candidates with the right mix of skills. This highlights the importance of continuing education and the development of new competencies for the digital global economy. Additionally, firms are implementing talent management initiatives to both attract and retain staff. The most popular initiative is the introduction of flexible working hours or work days.

Survey Method

The 2018 IFAC Global SMP Survey received 6,258 responses, representing 150 countries. It was conducted March–May 2018 in 24 languages. The survey design and reporting were undertaken in collaboration with Sarah Webber and Donna L. Street, lead researchers from the University of Dayton (US).

Designed to be completed by senior SMP professionals, whose clients are predominately small- and medium-sized entities (SMEs), the survey takes a snapshot of key issues, and tracks important trends and developments, facing this critical sector.

About IFAC

IFAC, the International Federation of Accountants, is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of over 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce.

The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) today released International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 540 (Revised), its revised standard for the audit of accounting estimates and related disclosures.

Banks, insurers and other financial services firms have seen revolutionary change in their accounting practices as they moved to new accounting standards that changed the way they deal with loan provisions and insurance contracts. ISA 540 (Revised) reflects this rapidly evolving business environment and ensures that the standard continues to keep pace with the changing market.

This revised standard is the first to be completed as part of the IAASB’s broader program ‘Addressing the Fundamental Elements of an Audit’ and is an important part of the IAASB’s efforts to improve audit quality globally. Some of the significant revisions include:

• An enhanced risk assessment that requires auditors to consider complexity, subjectivity and other inherent risk factors in addition to estimation uncertainty. This will drive auditors to think more deeply about the risks inherent to accounting estimates.
• A closer link between the enhanced risk assessment and the methods, data and assumptions used in making accounting estimates, including the use of complex models.
• Specific material to show how the standard is scalable to all types of accounting estimates.
• Emphasis on the importance of applying appropriate professional skepticism when auditing accounting estimates to foster a more independent and challenging skeptical mindset in auditors.

ISA 540 (Revised) becomes effective for financial statement audits for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2019.

It is critical that all parties in the financial reporting supply chain, particularly regulators, national standard-setters and firms collaborate in the implementation of a standard with such far-reaching effects on the audit of financial statements. The IAASB will provide implementation support to help auditors navigate and apply the revised standard.  Please visit the IAASB website for more information.

About the IAASB

The IAASB develops auditing and assurance standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard-setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IAASB, and the IAASB Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the standards and guidance. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IAASB are facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). For copyright, trademark, and permissions information, please go to permissions or contact permissions@ifac.org.

• 51% of Gen Z feel it is important for their government to prioritize a national approach to policy, while 32% prefer a globalist approach.
• Gen Z’s top career priorities include: a stable career path (89% important or very important), competitive salary and benefits (87%), and work-life balance (84%).
• 73% of Gen Z respondents would consider a career in professional accountancy, and over one fifth (21%) have already decided to pursue an accounting career.

NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 25, 2018 – Generation Z (Gen Z) is concerned for the economy and their job prospects, according to a new survey published today by IFAC (International Federation of Accountants), the voice of the global accounting profession. The survey of over 3,300 individuals aged 18-23 across 19 G20 countries takes the pulse of next-generation attitudes on public policy and career expectations.

Understanding Gen Z priorities will be critical for policy makers and employers alike, as public policy debates increasingly confront inter-generational trade-offs in wealth and as Gen Z is set to comprise the world’s largest generation.

Politically Engaged, Economically Conservative
This generation’s top public policy priorities are advancing economic stability, quality education, and job availability. However, views on how to achieve desired outcomes depend on geography. The survey found 51% of Gen Z’ers globally favor a nationalist approach to public policy, while 32% favor globalism and international collaboration.

Gen Z’ers in France (52%) and Germany (43%) most strongly support international policy collaboration, while preference for a nationalistic approach to public policy is strongest in China (65%), South Africa (63%), India (60%), and Russia (59%).

“Gen Z views appear to reflect the tension between national protectionism and global policy cooperation playing out in contemporary geopolitical and economic debates,” said Russell Guthrie, IFAC Executive Director. “The emphasis on economic stability speaks volumes about what the future will hold, given that this generation is already exercising its active and passionate voice on the global stage.”

Beyond the clash between national protectionism and globalization, other concerns include healthcare, especially in Canada, France, Germany and the U.S., and tackling systematic corruption, which was rated a top priority by respondents in Argentina, Brazil, India and Indonesia.

Desire Job Security in Stable Professions
Gen Z’s desire for stability is also apparent in its workplace expectations. They anticipate digitalization and emerging technology to be a double-edged sword, bringing new ways of working but also the decline of traditional jobs as a result.

Contrasted with the “live the dream at all costs” outlook commonly attributed to the preceding Millennial generation, Gen Z’s top priorities in choosing a career include a stable career path (89% important or very important), competitive salary and benefits (87%) and work-life balance (84%).

Gen Z’s perception of professional accountancy is highly aligned with its top two priorities in choosing a career. 87% of Gen Z see professional accountancy as attractive or very attractive in offering a stable career path, while 86% see the profession as meeting or exceeding their salary and benefits expectations.

Nearly three-quarters (73%) of Gen Z respondents would consider a career in professional accountancy, and over one fifth of respondents (21%) indicate that they have already decided to pursue a career in the profession.

“Generation Z brings a great wealth of new and unique talent to the global workforce. This survey identifies why the global accounting profession is well positioned to attract and retain next-generation talent, particularly as the role of the accountant becomes ever more strategic,” said Fayezul Choudhury, IFAC CEO. “Employers from all industries would be well suited to understand Gen Z perspectives as they come to shape the future of the workplace.”

###

Survey Method
For this study, Generation Z is defined as individuals born between the mid- 1990s and mid-2000s. Conducted by IFAC, this study gives voice to 3,388 individuals between the ages of 18 and 23 in G20 countries. This represents a sample size of 150-300 participants from: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, and the US.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of over 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

Effective governance is the outcome of a mosaic of organizational policies, processes, and cross-functional interactions, according to experts featured in a new report from The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) and IFAC (the International Federation of Accountants).

“United, Connected and Aligned – How the Distinct Roles of Internal Audit and the Finance Function Drive Good Governance,”  takes the pulse of 11 governance experts and thought leaders to examine the crucial roles both internal audit and the finance function play in maintaining a sound system of corporate governance.

The report identifies several key requirements for effective governance, including:

• An ethical corporate culture that empowers effective leaders throughout the organization to carry out good governance processes;
• Effective communication and collaboration among the various roles; and
• Requisite competencies for internal audit and the finance and accounting functions to earn stakeholder support and respect.

The governance experts who shared their knowledge and experiences include the leaders of the international professional associations that produced the report.

“Collaboration and cooperation between internal audit and the finance function is crucial to ensuring good governance,” said IIA President and CEO Richard F. Chambers, CIA, QIAL, CGAP, CCSA, CRMA. “Only by recognizing their distinct roles and the value in their successful interaction can organizations fully leverage the services they provide.”

IFAC’s President also stressed the benefit of the relationship.

“There is a deep need to pursue actions and preserve cultures that drive good governance,” said Rachel Grimes, IFAC President. “Professional accountants play a key role in governance at every line of defense, and abide by a global Code of Ethics that exemplifies the profession’s public interest mandate.”

The report notes that, because the two functions have complementary roles, their overlapping duties may help to avoid gaps in governance. Importantly, the experts demonstrate the need for both internal audit and the finance function to have champions within and outside the organization who advocate for their importance and value.

Chambers added, “Internal audit needs to be its own champion and work to articulate the benefits of including internal audit in the governance process. Stakeholders [executive management and the board] who understand the complex interactions and relationships that influence governance are best positioned to help their organizations succeed.”

“United, Connected and Aligned – How the Distinct Roles of Internal Audit and the Finance Function Drive Good Governance” represents an important collaboration between IFAC and The IIA, whose members represent a significant and vital segment of professionals who contribute to good governance. The organizations have a long, mutually supportive relationship, which includes a Memorandum of Understanding that promotes collaborative works and serve on each other’s boards and committees.

About The Institute of Internal Auditors
The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) is the internal audit profession’s most widely recognized advocate, educator, and provider of standards, guidance, and certifications. Established in 1941, The IIA today serves more than 190,000 members from more than 170 countries and territories. The IIA’s global headquarters are in Lake Mary, Fla. For more information, visit www.theiia.org.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of over 175 members and associates in more than 130 countries and jurisdictions, representing almost 3 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

Mr. Martin Baumann has been appointed Chair of the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) for a three-year term beginning January 1, 2019. Mr. Baumann’s appointment was recommended by the Interim Nominating Committee after an extensive international search. The IFAC Board endorsed the Interim Nominating Committee’s recommendation, which was approved by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB), which oversees the IAASB's activities. The Monitoring Group was informed of the recommendation.

“Martin Baumann is a leader who brings vision, a passion for the public interest and a depth of experience to the role of IAASB Chair," said Ryozo Himino, Interim Nominating Committee Chair. "As its next Chair, he will lead the IAASB during an important period of innovation and change as well as continuing the Board’s work developing high-quality international audit, assurance, quality control and related services standards that are accepted and used around the world."

As Chair, Mr. Baumann will lead the IAASB though an environment of rapid advances in current and emerging technology and changes in the breadth and complexity of information needed by investors and other stakeholders. He will be responsible for leading the finalization and implementation of IAASB’s strategic objectives; actively engaging key stakeholders around the world, including national standard setters, regulators, investors and firms of all sizes; and delivering timely high-quality standards in the public interest.

"The IAASB plays a vital role in the world's capital markets. High-quality professional standards developed in the public interest by the IAASB provide the markets with confidence in the important work done by auditors,” said Mr. Baumann. “I am committed to working tirelessly to ensure the IAASB meets its mandate, and continues to be recognized as a highly-regarded independent organization developing high-quality standards."

Mr. Baumann most recently served as Chief Auditor and Director of Professional Standards at the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), where, with the Board, he was responsible for establishing auditing and related professional practice standards for audits of all companies registered with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. He also chaired the PCAOB’s Standing Advisory Group and served on the IAASB and International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants Consultative Advisory Groups. Previously he was Chief Financial Officer for Freddie Mac and a senior partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Mr. Baumann succeeds Prof. Arnold Schilder, whose term as IAASB Chairman concludes after a decade of service at the end of 2018. Prof. Schilder has led the IAASB with distinction, from new landmark assurance standards addressing key aspects of sustainability reporting, to innovative and groundbreaking new auditor reporting standards, to enhancements now underway to the standards that seek to fundamentally improve audit. There are now nearly 130 jurisdictions around the world using or in the process of adopting the clarified International Standards on Auditing. Mr. Baumann will work closely with the current Chair commencing October 29, 2018 to allow for a smooth transition.

The Interim Nominating Committee was formed by the Monitoring Group in February 2018 to conduct the process for the next IAASB Chair. The Committee was chaired by Ryozo Himino, Vice Minister for International Affairs, Financial Services Agency (Japan), and was comprised of four other members including Guy Andrade, Huguette Labelle, Lord Jonathan Hugh Mance and Sir David Tweedie, and two observers, Rachel Grimes and Eddy Wymeersch. The Interim Nominating Committee followed an open and transparent process to select the most suitable candidate for the position. It will disband now that its mandate has been completed.

For more information about the work of the IAASB, visit its home page at www.iaasb.org.

About the IAASB
The IAASB develops auditing and assurance standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard-setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IAASB, and the IAASB Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the standards and guidance. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IAASB are facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). For copyright, trademark, and permissions information, please go to permissions or contact permissions@ifac.org.

The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board^® (IPSASB^®) has released IPSAS 41, Financial Instruments.

IPSAS 41 substantially improves the relevance of information for financial assets and financial liabilities. It will replace IPSAS 29, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, and improves that Standard’s requirements by introducing:

• Simplified classification and measurement requirements for financial assets;
• A forward looking impairment model; and
• A flexible hedge accounting model.

“The significance of government debt to global capital markets can often be ignored,” said IPSASB Chair Ian Carruthers. “IPSAS 41 is a major step forward in accounting for financial instruments, and responds to the problems with IPSAS 29 that were exposed by the global financial crisis. It provides principles that appropriately reflect the economics of transactions involving financial instruments, replacing the more rules-based approach of its predecessor.”

IPSAS 41 is based on International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 9, Financial Instruments, developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB®), but it also includes public sector-specific guidance and illustrative examples on:

• Financial guarantees issued through non-exchange transactions;
• Concessionary loans;
• Equity instruments arising from non-exchange transactions; and
• Fair value measurement.

About the IPSASB
The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) works to strengthen public financial management globally through the development of accrual-based International Public Sector Accounting Standards® (IPSAS®) and other guidance for use by governments and other public sector entities. It receives support from the Asian Development Bank, the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada, the New Zealand External Reporting Board, and the governments of Canada and New Zealand. The structures and processes that support the operations of the IPSASB are facilitated by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). For copyright, trademark, and permissions information, please go to permissions or contact permissions@ifac.org. 

About the Public Interest Committee
The governance and standard-setting activities of the IPSASB are overseen by the Public Interest Committee (PIC), to ensure that they follow due process and reflect the public interest. The PIC is comprised of individuals with expertise in public sector or financial reporting, and professional engagement in organizations that have an interest in promoting high-quality and internationally comparable financial information.